A traumatic brain injury (TBI) can disrupt brain function, including sleep regulation. Many individuals with TBIs experience sleep disturbances that affect cognitive performance, mood stability, and overall well-being. Understanding these challenges can help in managing and improving sleep quality.
Difficulty falling asleep
After a TBI, falling asleep can become more challenging. The brain regulates sleep-wake cycles, but an injury may interfere with this process. Stress, anxiety, and changes in neurotransmitter levels can make it harder to relax, leading to insomnia and prolonged sleep onset.
Frequent nighttime awakenings
Even if sleep begins normally, many people with TBIs wake up multiple times during the night. This occurs because brain injuries can affect the ability to stay in deep, restorative sleep. Environmental stimuli or internal disruptions, such as headaches or discomfort, may further contribute to frequent awakenings.
Daytime sleepiness and fatigue
Many individuals with TBIs experience excessive daytime sleepiness due to poor sleep quality at night. Since the brain struggles to reach deep sleep stages, fatigue builds up, making concentration, memory, and physical activity more difficult. This can affect school, work, and social interactions.
Altered sleep-wake cycles
A TBI can disrupt the brain’s internal clock, leading to irregular sleep patterns. Some individuals may develop delayed sleep phase syndrome, where they stay awake late and struggle to wake up on time. Others might experience fragmented sleep, making it difficult to maintain a stable routine.
Increased risk of sleep disorders
TBIs raise the likelihood of developing sleep disorders such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome. These conditions further disrupt sleep, worsening cognitive and physical recovery. Early identification and treatment of sleep disorders can improve long-term outcomes.
Improving sleep quality after a TBI involves maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, reducing screen time before bed, and creating a comfortable sleeping environment. Relaxation techniques, such as meditation or breathing exercises, may also help. In persistent cases, medical evaluation and treatment may be necessary.